This is a potential pathway for the oxidation of toluene in Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms, which play important roles in sediments naturally composed of hydrocarbons. The oxidation of toluene, an aromatic hydrocarbon, in these microorganisms is coupled to Fe(III) reduction. GS-15 is the first microorganism discovered to link aromatic compound oxidation to the reduction of Fe(III). The oxidation of p-cresol and phenol in these organisms is also coupled to Fe(III) reduction. Under strict anaerobic conditions in these organisms, GS-15 can completely oxidize toluene to carbon dioxide by utilizing Fe(III) as the only electron acceptor in the reaction.
This mechanism can be used to clean up toxic oil spills or other toluene contaminations by introducing the microorganisms to the site.

This is an example of the reaction of an epoxide ring reacting with water and and enzyme (epoxide hydrolase) to create a vicinal diol. The paper displays experiments with several different compounds and the role of mono- and di-oxygenase enzymes in arene
metabolism. The paper also displays a variety of intermediary or alternative pathways the the substrates can take to generate different, but useful products. The primary focus is on the impressive ability of bacterial oxygenases to catalyse the cisdihydroxylation
of a diverse range of arenes and alkenes to yield a single enantiomer.